The phrase "carbon-based life forms, is" often used in science fiction books and movies to the exotic creatures of the earth, the only planet known to describe life. Not only are all living things contain carbon, but carbon a lot of things that has ever existed, and now the source of life, making it useful for dating the remains of the first settlements on Earth. For more use of oil, a substance containing carbon-based forms that died long ago became fossils, and finally chemically transformed into fuel. Moreover, not all carbon materials were once living beings, but because carbon is a common denominator to all living beings on earth, the branch of study known as organic chemistry is devoted to the study of compounds carbon. Although one of many important organic compounds are carboxylic acids that are crucial for life, carbon is also present in many important inorganic compounds, especially the small compounds, but inevitable, like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbonates. name carbon comes from the Latin word carbo, charcoal or, indeed, is almost pure carbon. The chemical symbol is C are generally granted atomic number 6, which means there are six protons in the nucleus. The two stable isotopes 12C, which is 98.9% of all carbon in nature, and 13C, which represents 1.1% balance. The mass of the 12C atom is the basis of the atomic mass unit (AMU), which figures in the mass of all other elements measured, the UMA is defined exactly as 1 / 12 the mass of an atom of 12C. The mass difference between 12C and 13C, which is heavier because of the extra neutron, account for the fact that the atomic mass of carbon is 12.01 amu: if not for the small amounts of 13C in a sample of carbon, the masses would be exactly 12.00 amu. Carbon is only a small proportion of the known elemental mass in Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere (only 0.08% or 1 / 1250 of total), but it is the fourteenth most common element on the planet. In the human body, carbon is the second to oxygen in abundance, accounting for 18% of body mass. So if a person weighing 100 pounds (45.3 kg) weight, he / she is carrying around 18 pounds (8.2 kilograms) of carbon, interesting material in the same dear and highly valued diamonds are made. Listed on the rocks and soil inorganic creatures living on it, carbon is everywhere. In combination with other factors, constitutes the carbonates, especially calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which appears in the form of limestone, marble and chalk. In combination with hydrogen to create hydrocarbons present in the deposits of fossil fuels: natural gas, oil and coal. In the environment, carbon, as carbon dioxide (CO2) is taken up by plants, the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen for the functioning of the animals that breathe oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to suffer. We know that carbon forms tetravalent bonds, and allows multiple bonds with single atom. We have also been the fact that the forms long chains of carbon atoms and the varieties of forms. But how do these things, and why? These questions are so good that an entire branch of chemistry, organic chemistry, is devoted to answering such theoretical questions, and solutions for many other, more practical problems related. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties. At one time, organic chemists thought that was synonymous with "live" and even as recently as the nineteenth century, believed that organic substances contained a supernatural "life force". Then in 1828, the German chemist Friedrich Whler cracked the code that the life of the species are not different, the organic and inorganic. Whler took a sample of ammonium carbonate (NH4OCN), and the heat is converted into urea (H2N-CO-NH2), a waste product in urine of mammals. In other words, he became an inorganic material in an organic, and did, as he notes, "without benefit of a kidney, bladder, or a dog." It was almost as if he had created life. In fact, what had Whler hint "and some other scientists who followed came to understand is: what distinguishes organic from inorganic carbon is the way in which the chains are arranged. Ammonium carbonate and urea have exactly the same numbers and proportions atoms, but are different compounds. Therefore, isomers: substances that have the same formula, but different chemically. In urea, the carbon forms an organic chain, and carbonate